![]() | ![]() |
- on
- the statistics
- number theory
- Java
- Data structures
- piedra angular
- calculation
Although Excel is not as powerful a statistical computing environment as R, it has the advantage of being found in almost every work environment. Therefore, knowing how to perform statistical calculations and simulations in Excel can be very useful.
Instead of using named variables to store values to be used later, as you might see in R or other programming languages, Excel stores the values it needs for later calculations.cells. Each cell is part of a specific one.spreadsheetand you have a unique row/column combination on that sheet. The row is specified with a positive integer and the column with a letter (or a string of letters if more than 26 letters must be used).
Below is a sample worksheet.

Notice that on the sheet above, cells B3, B4, and B5 contain numeric values, while cells A3 and A7 contain text.
There are other things that cells can contain, too. B7 appears to contain a value, but clicking on it reveals that the cell content is actually aFormula, and the value returned is simply the result of that formula.
In this case, the formula finds the range sum of all cells between B3 and B5 inclusive and is given by:"=SUMA(B3:B5)"
. This formula can be seen by selecting cell B7 and then looking at the text edit box with $fx$ to the left of the toolbar at the top. It is important to know that all formulas with "=
' followed by an expression.
The expressionB3:B5
specified in the formula aboveReachof cells Using ranges allows calculations to be performed efficiently, even when involving large amounts of data.
In general, a range takes the form of two cell addresses separated by colons (":"). These two cells are usually the top left and bottom right cells of a rectangular collection of cells, but they can also be the bottom left and top right cells of a rectangular collection of cells.
the use of"TOTAL()"
in the above formula indicates whatfunctionto apply it to cell ranges, it is supplied as an argument inside the parentheses to the right of the function name. Excel has a large number of built-in functions that can be used for a variety of purposes. To see what it has to offer, click the $fx$ button in the toolbar at the top to bring upformula creatordialog box. Clicking on the name of a specific function displays more information about what that function calculates, the correct syntax for using it (ie how to write it correctly), and a link to more information about the function.
The left side of the worksheet shows an example usingAVERAGE()
Function on the area of the cells given byB3:F5

Formulas can also reference individual cell values, as shown on the right side of the worksheet above. When we clicked on the cellK5
, we would see "=2/(1/K3+1/K4)
", the formula for the harmonic mean of the values seen in the cellsK3
yK4
. When mathematical expressions are used in a formula in Excel, the default order of operations is applied. So, since we need to write these expressions on a single line of text, care must be taken. A very common mistake is to forget to group numerators, denominators or even some exponents with parentheses when their inclusion is required.
Autocomplete and anchor
There are some "tricks" in Excel that can be used to quickly fill in a series of cells...
The first is that Excel supports relatively smart "autofill". Suppose you want to quickly create a column with cells 1 through 10. Simply enter the values for the first two cells, and then select those cells, noting the little square "handle" in the lower right corner of that selection.

Would you like the sequence $3,5,7,9,\ldots$ instead? just start with3
y5
as your first two cells and drag down as before - Excel will figure out what you want and fill the cells accordingly. This process works for any linear sequence.
Another trick that can really save you time when filling a series of cells is to use an "anchor". To set the stage for understanding what an anchor is, consider the following...
DieRAND AMONG()
The function generates a random integer between the two supplied arguments. Suppose we give the formula "=RAND BETWEEN(1,10)
"in cellC2
to generate a random integer between $1$ and $10$ in that cell and then copy the contents of that cell to all cells in the rangeC3:H5
to create six columns of random numbers similar to the one shown below.
Now suppose we want to sum the different columns. If we "=SUMA(C2:C5)
"in cellC7
to add the numbers in the columnC
and copy this formula to the cells of the rangeD7:H7
we get the correct column totals for each column.

This works because when you copy a formula to another cell, the cell references are relatively updated. As a simple example of thisrelative addressing-- if a formula in the cellA1
referencesB1
, the cell immediately to the right and is copied to the cellJ5
for example, then the above reference toB1
is modified by Excel to refer to the cellK5
, the cell tooJ5
you are immediately right.
AnkerLet us change this default behavior when copying formulas to other cells so that anything "pinned" doesn't update due to relative position change.
Suppose you want to create 10 simulations of a game in which you have a 30% chance of winning. They also wanted their work to be flexible enough to easily adapt to another winning opportunity.
We begin by reading the text of "p =
"in cellA1
, followed by the value0,30
inB1
to indicate the probability of winning the game. We also have the text "X
" y "x<p?
"in the cellsD1
yD2
, or as column headers for the next part...
Then noticing that theRANDOM()
generates a random value between $0$ and $1$, we enter "=RAND()
"in cellD2
, select it, and use the controller to automatically paste this formula into the 9 cells below.
To use these numbers to simulate a profit or loss, in the cellE2
, we entered "=(D2<$B$1)
". This returns a "value" ofRIGHT
oINCORRECT
depending on whether the cell value or notD2
is smaller thanB1
, as appropriate. in this way allRIGHT
produces is a triumph and everyoneINCORRECT
represents a loss.
You may be wondering about the presence of the two dollar signs in the$B$1
just used This is the "anchor" mentioned above. If we copy the formula into the cellE2
To move cells down, we want to do a comparison between the value of the cell directly to the left of the cell in the columnmi
and in the same row (relative addressing) and the cell valueB1
no matter which linemi
we're at The presence of dollar signs essentially says, "If this formula is copied to another cell, the row or column references won't be changed after each dollar sign." Using them in this way is known asabsolute addressing.

With all cells making comparisons to the individual cellB1
, if you want to change the probability of winning the game to 50%, just change the value of this cell to0,5
.
The reason we need two dollar signs instead of just one in our formula is because Excel allows rows and columns to be anchored independently. The presence of the dollar sign before the row value anchors only the row, while the presence of the dollar sign before the column letters anchors only the column.
This independence between row and column anchors can be particularly useful when creating a table of values that depends on two inputs. For example, consider creating a simple multiplication table. we fill the cellC2
yD2
with values1
y2
and autocomplete on the right to create the column headers for our table. Similarly, let's create row headers in the rangeB3:B12
. Then, to create the body of the table, we simply write "=$B3*C$2
"in cellC3
and copy it to the rest of the cells in the rangeC3:L12
. (Think carefully why this works!)

Another trick: suppose you want to copy a cell in a large range. You can of course copy the cell and then manually select the large range, but this can require a lot of scrolling if the range spans thousands of rows or columns. Instead, a large group of cells can be selected for copy, paste, or other purposes by going to the Edit menu and selecting Find: Go To. At this point, enter the range you want to select in the "Reference" box and click "OK". The great variety is already selected! Note:G ForceoF5can be used is a keyboard shortcut to invoke the Go To dialog to further speed up the selection process.
Recursively defined sequences
It is useful to use formulas to fill a range with a recursively defined sequence.
For example, the Fibonacci sequence $1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, \ldots$ is the sequence starting with $1, 1$, with the subsequent terms being the sum of the two previous terms.
Notice how easy it is to create this sequence in Excel as shown below.

This is where we come in first1
in cellsB2
yB3
, and then enter the formula "=B2+B3
"in cellB4
. Then let the relative addressing do its thing, copy this formula or auto-complete it in the cells below to get the sequence shown.
FAQs
How do you show formulas and answers in a cell in Excel? ›
Switch between displaying formulas and their results from the keyboard. Press CTRL + ` (grave accent).
How do you fix one or more formulas in this workbook are longer than 8192? ›The maximum number of characters that can be used in an array formula is 8,192. So if you need to enter more than 8,192 characters into a cell using an array formula, you'll need to split your data up into multiple cells.
Can a range be used in a formula True or false answer? ›Answer. It is true. Explanation: Ranges can be used instead of the cell address references in calculations and formulas.
How do you do an if statement with ranges? ›- =IF(AND(C6>=C8,C6<=C9),C11,C12)
- Step 1: Put the number you want to test in cell C6 (150).
- Step 2: Put the criteria in cells C8 and C9 (100 and 999).
- Step 3: Put the results if true or false in cells C11 and C12 (100 and 0).
- Step 4: Type the formula =IF(AND(C6>=C8,C6<=C9),C11,C12).
Cell Format Set to Text. Another possible reason that only formula shows in Excel not result could be that the cell format is set to text. This means that anything written in any format in that cell will be treated as regular text. If so, change the format to General or any other.
What to press to show all formulas in Excel? ›Showing formulas in the cells makes it easy to find cells that contain formulas, or to check for errors. With a quick key combination you can see formulas instead of formula results in a worksheet. To show formulas in all cells press CTRL+` (that little mark is the grave accent mark key).
How do I fix Excel found a problem with one or more formula references? ›The simplest solution to deal with the formula reference error is to separate the specific spreadsheet tab that is generating the error message. For this, you just need to create a new tab and copy all the tabs from the old Excel workbook to it. Keep checking which tab in the new workbook is creating the error.
How do I fix Excel ran out of resources while attempting to calculate one or more formulas? ›- Restart PC.
- Reinstall Excel/Office.
- Turned off multi-threading in Options / Advanced / Formulas.
- Gone down to 1 processor in Options / Advanced / Formulas.
Answer: Excel spreadsheets only hold 1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns. Anything more than that will not be loaded. If you run into this issue take the group you are working with and split it into 2 groups, and then try reporting on each group half separately.
Can range have all real numbers? ›Unless a linear function is a constant, such as , there is no restriction on the range. The domain and range are all real numbers.
When should range be used? ›
How useful is the range? The range generally gives you a good indicator of variability when you have a distribution without extreme values. When paired with measures of central tendency, the range can tell you about the span of the distribution. But the range can be misleading when you have outliers in your data set.
Can a range be used in a formula? ›Example of a Formula Range
In the example below we see the formula range (C1:C5). The definition is determined by the minimum value (C1) and the maximum value (C5). The formula =SUM(A1:B1) persists within the full range.
The range() function is a built-in function of Python. It is used to create a list containing a sequence of integers from the given start value to stop value (excluding stop value). This is often used in for loop for generating the sequence of numbers. Example: for num in range(0,5):
How do you write an IF THEN formula in Excel with multiple criteria? ›Another way to get an Excel IF to test multiple conditions is by using an array formula. To complete an array formula correctly, press the Ctrl + Shift + Enter keys together. In Excel 365 and Excel 2021, this also works as a regular formula due to support for dynamic arrays.
How do you check if a value falls within a range in Excel? ›In Excel, to check if a value exists in a range or not, you can use the COUNTIF function, with the IF function. With COUNTIF you can check for the value and with IF, you can return a result value to show to the user. i.e., Yes or No, Found or Not Found.
What does F4 do in Excel formula? ›Excel offers function keys to help us quickly repeat the last action. The F4 on Excel is the function key that can allow us to repeat the last action as many times as we want.
How do I turn on automatic formulas? ›In the Excel for the web spreadsheet, click the Formulas tab. Next to Calculation Options, select one of the following options in the dropdown: To recalculate all dependent formulas every time you make a change to a value, formula, or name, click Automatic. This is the default setting.
What is the shortcut key combination to show all of the formulas in a spreadsheet? ›If you want to see all the formulas in a sheet at once, you can use the shortcut Ctrl + Shift + `. This shortcut will highlight all the cells that contain formulas. If you want to see the formulas for a specific cell, you can use the shortcut Ctrl + F3.
How to turn off Excel found a problem with formula references in this worksheet? ›Navigate to your Data Tab >> Queries & Connections >> Edit Links and see if any of your links contain errors in them. If you find any, simply remove (or break) those particular links.
How do I apply the same formula to multiple cells in Excel with different values? ›Select the cell with the formula and the adjacent cells you want to fill. Click Home > Fill, and choose either Down, Right, Up, or Left. Keyboard shortcut: You can also press Ctrl+D to fill the formula down in a column, or Ctrl+R to fill the formula to the right in a row.
What does =# REF mean in Excel? ›
The #REF! error shows when a formula refers to a cell that's not valid. This happens most often when cells that were referenced by formulas get deleted, or pasted over.
What to do when Excel is stuck calculating? ›- Check for Automatic Recalculation. On the Formulas ribbon, look to the far right and click Calculation Options. ...
- Check the Cell Format for Text. Select the cell that is not recalculating and, on the Home ribbon, check the number format. ...
- Check for Circular References.
- Method 1: Contents of the spreadsheet. ...
- Method 2: Verify/install the latest updates. ...
- Method 3: Add-ins interfering. ...
- Method 4: Test disabling Preview/Details Pane in Windows 7. ...
- Method 5: Test a different Default Printer. ...
- Method 6: Test without Antivirus. ...
- Method 7: Test with 64-bit version of Excel.
Switch to Manual Calculation Mode
In the Ribbon, go to File > Options. Then (1) click Formulas and under Calculation options, Workbook Calculation, choose (2) Manual. (3) Click OK. Restart Excel for the settings to take effect.
Re: More than 1,048,576 rows
You may split csv on several files and open them one by one. Or import into the Excel using legacy wizard, it has an option from which row to start importing.
In a 26 base system, the value XFD equals 16384. Excel 2007 and above supports 2^20 rows, i.e. 1048576 rows. They are just numbered from 1 to 1048576. Was this reply helpful?
Can Excel handle 2 million rows? ›How Many Rows Can Excel Handle? Well, an Excel spreadsheet can handle 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns at a time.
How do you display text and formulas in Excel? ›We often hear that you want to make data easier to understand by including text in your formulas, such as "2,347 units sold." To include text in your functions and formulas, surround the text with double quotes ("").
How do you show formulas and text in Excel? ›In your Excel worksheet, go to the Formulas tab > Formula Auditing group and click the Show Formulas button. Microsoft Excel displays formulas in cells instead of their results right away. To get the calculated values back, click the Show Formulas button again to toggle it off.
How do I display formulas instead of values in Excel quizlet? ›To show formulas instead of values, click on the Formulas tab in the ribbon, then in the Formula Auditing group, click on the Show Formulas option.
How can we display the relationship between formulas and cells? ›
...
See all the relationships on a worksheet
- In an empty cell, enter = (the equal sign).
- Click the Select All button.
- Select the cell, and on the Formulas tab, in the Formula Auditing group, click Trace Precedents twice.
- Select an empty cell.
- Type an equal sign = and then type a function. For example, =SUM for getting the total sales.
- Type an opening parenthesis (.
- Select the range of cells, and then type a closing parenthesis).
- Press Enter to get the result.
Multiple formulas in one cell are not allowed, but built-in functions and nesting can be used to express a series of calculations and logical operations in a single formula. Using standard functions, you can build complex formulas that handle a variety of conditions.